Transfer activity within MCO groups declines as multi-club ownership loses momentum
Transfer activity within MCO groups declines as multi-club ownership loses momentum
IMAGO | Nottingham Forest and FC Midtjylland are part of multi-club ownership groups that have been among the most active in internal transfers.
The Recap
Internal transfer activity between clubs within MCO structures is declining across top leagues globally. A Danish MCO centered around FC Midtjylland illustrate both the potential and limitations of the model.
Data Insight
Internal MCO transfers peaked at 103 deals in 2023/24 but have since fallen to 82, with related transfer fees following a similar downward trend.
Why It Matters
The development contrasts with a core rationale behind multi-club ownership of gaining a competitive edge through internal player development and transfers.
The Perspective
Declining activity within the MCO model raises questions about its long-term scalability and strategic relevance.
15 April 2026 - 3:32 PM
The Europa League round of 16 fixture between FC Midtjylland and Nottingham Forest was not only a clash between two clubs that had surprised during the group stage – Midtjylland by securing an impressive third-place finish, and Forest by struggling.
It also brought together two of the most active multi-club ownership (MCO) groups of the past five seasons, measured by transfers between clubs within their networks.
According to data from the Off The Pitch MCO database and Transfer Tool, 426 internal MCO transfers, loan or permanent, involving at least one club from a top 25 league have been completed over the past five seasons, with more than €550 million spent.
However, in line with the broader trend of a decreasing MCO expansion since 2023, as revealed by Off The Pitch last week, internal transfer activity is declining.
This development is directly contrasting with one of the key common strategic rationales behind multi-club ownership which has been gaining a competitive edge in player development through internal transfers.
In line with the broader decline in internal deals, FC Midtjylland have also reduced the transfer activity with their sister club Clube Desportivo de Mafra during this period. After completing 19 deals sending players from Midtjylland to Mafra on either permanent or loan deals within three seasons, only three transfers have been completed in 2025/26, all from Mafra to Midtjylland.
This follows a setback to Midtjylland’s MCO strategy at the end of the 2024/25 season, when Mafra were relegated from Liga Portugal 2 to the third tier.
Claus Steinlein, chair of FC Midtjylland and executive director of the company running the MCO, admits they made mistakes during the second year, and the combination between the playing squad and the coach was not optimal either. But he stresses that they are moving in the right direction.
As Mafra attempt to return to the second tier of Portuguese football this season, no players have joined them from their Danish sister club. Steinlein highlights league restrictions as a key factor.
“There is a limit of six non-locally trained players in the squad in the third division in Portugal, which has put a natural stop to sending players to Mafra right now,” he says.
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Widening the scope to look across the top leagues, internal transfers have declined since peaking in the 2023/24 season, when 103 deals were completed. That figure has since fallen to 82. The number of permanent transfers has remained stable, while loan deals have decreased from 61 to 43.
Similarly, transfer fees related to permanent internal transfers peaked in 2024/25 at almost €200 million but decreased this season to €71 million.
Off The Pitch has also spoken to an MCO based in France. The group has likewise reduced internal transfer activity, although in this case due to financial constraints linked to declining broadcast revenues in French football.
Activity concentrated in key countries
Across Europe, MCO transfer activity is concentrated in a limited number of leagues, with most deals flowing into or out of six countries.
English clubs are the most active exporters, with 125 outgoing transfers to affiliated clubs, accounting for nearly 30 per cent of all internal MCO deals.
In terms of incoming transfers, Belgium leads with 97 internal deals going in to clubs in the top leagues since the 2021/22 season, more than double the totals recorded by Portugal and France. Combined, these three countries account for 45 per cent of all incoming internal MCO transfers among top 25 leagues.
Until recently, Midtjylland were the only Danish club operating as the clear lead entity within an MCO structure. As a result, internal transfers have had limited impact on the Danish top flight beyond those involving the club.
Across the past five seasons, 28 internal MCO transfers have gone out from Denmark, with 19 being moves from Midtjylland to Mafra, reflecting the club’s application of the model in a market where the strategy is not widespread.
Supporting European succes
When FC Midtjylland pushed their round-of-16 tie against Nottingham Forest to penalties, five players in the starting XI had previously spent time at sister club CD Mafra in Portugal.
To kickstart the MCO, named The Football Collective, and establish a competitive squad at Mafra, Midtjylland sent several high-potential players to Portugal during the 2023/24 season. Steinlein describes this initial phase as a strong beginning for the project.
“I think we hit the bullseye on a lot of areas during the first year. The right coach, the right squad and the right setup. In many ways, everything clicked,” he says, highlighting the five players now regular starters at Midtjylland who all had a spell at Mafra during the first full season of the partnership.
IMAGO | In 2024 Claus Steinlein was appointed active chairman of FC Midtjylland after several years as the club’s CEO.
This early success illustrates how internal transfers have supported Midtjylland, a club based in a city of around 50,000 inhabitants, in reaching the Europa League knockout rounds in each of the past two seasons.
Keeping gold within internal structures
Beyond first-team development, The Football Collective’s model has also generated transfer value by showcasing players in Portugal. In January 2022, Midtjylland signed Ousmane Diomande from OS Abobo in Côte d’Ivoire. After a brief period with the club’s youth team, he moved to Mafra, where he played for half a season before joining Sporting CP.
The transfer, reportedly worth €14.5 million, became the second-largest sale in Midtjylland’s history, despite Diomande not making a senior appearance for the Danish club.
The ability to showcase players across two clubs is central to offsetting the additional costs of operating multiple teams, while offering greater control and financial upside than relying on external partner clubs, as Midtjylland also have experience with.
“One of the upsides is that we get the complete transfer fee when selling players, rather than sharing it with a partner club. And in terms of recruitment, we have sometimes been forced to say no to talents because we didn’t have space in our squad. But Mafra adds another opportunity to keep our gold within our own structures,” Steinlein says.